CLIMATE CHAGE IMPACTS OF RURAL SOCIETIES: STAKEHOLDERS PERCEPTIONS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES IN BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceHeavily dependent on agriculture, Argentinean stakeholders must prepare to adapt their activities to a different climate. However, the country does not have an agricultural adaptation plan. A space of joint discussion and participatory planning among farmers, scientific researchers, firm managers and government representatives can increase the preparedness to cope with the impacts of climate change. This research uses individual and group interviews to identify perceptions about climate change and possible adaptation strategies suitable for different types of stakeholders of the district of Balcarce. Relatively homogeneous groups of stakeholders perceive an array of weather changes and identify a range of adaptation strategies. This rich set of perceptions and strategies constitute an excellent starting point to define priorities in research and in policy making to implement national, regional, or firm- level adaptation strategies. Genetic techniques, specific scientific knowledge and land-use planning are viewed as promising sources of adaptation and coordination mechanisms. One common request from stakeholders is the coordination between, and within, public and private organizations. Effective adaptation strategies require the implementation multi-level governance and policy integration. However, these integrations will generate benefits in any type of future climate

Endocannabinoids in TNF-α and Ethanol Actions

During marijuana and alcohol consumption as well as during inflammation the reproductive axis is inhibited, mainly through the inhibition of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone release. In male rats, this inhibitory effect is mediated, at least in part, by the activation of hypothalamic cannabinoid type 1 receptors (CB1). During inflammation, this activation of the endocannabinoid system seems to be mediated by an increase in TNF-α production followed by anandamide augmentations, similarly the effect of intragastric administration of ethanol (3 g/kg) seems to be due to an increase in anandamide. On the other hand, a number of different actions mediated by the endocannabinoid system in various organs and tissues have been described. Both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, are localized in the submandibular gland where they mediate the inhibitory effect of intrasubmandibular injections of the endocannabinoid anandamide (6 × 10–5M) on salivary secretion. Lipopolysaccharide (5 mg/kg/3 h) injected intraperitoneally and ethanol (3 g/kg/1 h) injected intragastrically inhibited the salivary secretion induced by the sialogogue metacholine; this inhibitory effect was blocked by CB1 and/or CB2 receptor antagonists. Similar to the hypothalamus, these effects seem to be mediated by increased anandamide. In summary, similar mechanisms mediate the inhibitory actions of endocannabinoids and cannabinoids in both hypothalamus and submandibular gland during drug consumption and inflammation.Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich

Protection of radiation-induced damage to the hematopoietic system, small intestine and salivary glands in rats by JNJ7777120 compound, a histamine H4 ligand.

Based on previous data on the histamine radioprotective effect on highly radiosensitive tissues, in the present work we aimed at investigating the radioprotective potential of the H4R ligand, JNJ7777120, on ionizing radiation-induced injury and genotoxic damage in small intestine, salivary glands and hematopoietic tissue. For that purpose, rats were divided into 4 groups. JNJ7777120 and JNJ7777120-irradiated groups received a daily subcutaneous JNJ7777120 injection (10 mg/kg) starting 24 h before irradiation. Irradiated groups received a single dose of 5 Gy on whole-body using Cesium-137 source and were sacrificed 3 or 30 days after irradiation. Tissues were removed, fixed, stained with hematoxylin and eosin or PAS staining and histological characteristics were evaluated. Proliferative and apoptotic markers were studied by immunohistochemistry, while micronucleus assay was performed to evaluate DNA damage. Submandibular gland (SMG) function was evaluated by methacholine-induced salivation. Results indicate that JNJ7777120 treatment diminished mucosal atrophy and preserved villi and the number of crypts after radiation exposure (240±8 vs. 165±10, P<0.01). This effect was associated to a reduced apoptosis and DNA damage in intestinal crypts. JNJ7777120 reduced radiation-induced aplasia, preserving medullar components and reducing formation of micronucleus and also it accelerated bone marrow repopulation. Furthermore, it reduced micronucleus frequency in peripheral blood (27±8 vs. 149±22, in 1,000 erythrocytes, P<0.01). JNJ7777120 completely reversed radiation-induced reduced salivation, conserving glandular mass with normal histological appearance and reducing apoptosis and atrophy of SMG. JNJ7777120 exhibits radioprotective effects against radiation-induced cytotoxic and genotoxic damages in small intestine, SMG and hematopoietic tissues and, thus, could be of clinical value for patients undergoing radiotherapy

Anti-inflammatory and osteoprotective effects of cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist HU-308 in a rat model of lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontitis

Background: Anti-inflammatory and immunologic properties of cannabinoids have been reported in several tissues. Expression of cannabinoid receptor Type 2 was reported in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, suggesting a key role in bone metabolism. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of treatment with cannabinoid-2 receptor agonist HU-308 in the oral health of rats subjected to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced periodontitis. Methods: Twenty-four rats were distributed in four groups (six rats per group): 1) control rats; 2) sham rats; 3) rats submitted to experimental periodontitis (LPS); and 4) rats submitted to experimental periodontitis and treated with HU-308 (LPS+HU). In groups LPS and LPS+HU, periodontitis was induced by LPS (1 mg/mL) injected into the gingival tissue (GT) of maxillary and mandibular first molars and into the interdental space between the first and second molars, 3 days per week for 6 weeks. In group LPS+HU, HU-308 (500 ng/mL) was applied topically to the GT daily. Results: Alveolar bone loss resulting from LPS-induced periodontitis was significantly attenuated with HU-308 treatment (LPS+HU), measured by macroscopic and histologic examination. Treatment also reduced gingival production of inflammatory mediators augmented in LPS-injected rats, such as: 1) inducible nitric oxide (iNOS) activity (LPS: 90.18 - 36.51 pmol/minute/mg protein versus LPS+HU: 16.37 - 4.73 pmol/minute/mg protein; P<0.05); 2) tumor necrosis factor alpha (LPS: 185.70 - 25.63 pg/mg protein versus LPS+HU: 95.89 - 17.47 pg/mg protein; P <0.05); and 3) prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (LPS: 159.20 - 38.70 pg/mg wet weight versus LPS+HU: 71.25 - 17.75 pg/mg wet weight; P<0.05). Additionally, HU-308 treatment prevented the inhibitory effect of LPS-induced periodontitis on the salivary secretory response to pilocarpine. Moreover, iNOS activity and PGE2 content, which were increased by LPS-induced periodontitis in the submandibular gland, returned to control values after HU-308 treatment. Conclusion: This study demonstrates anti-inflammatory, osteoprotective, and prohomeostatic effects of HU-308 in oral tissues of rats with LPS-induced periodontitis.Fil: Ossola, Cesar Angel. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Surkin, Pablo Nicolas. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Mohn, Claudia Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Elverdín, Juan Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; ArgentinaFil: Fernández Solari, José Javier. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Odontología. Cátedra de Fisiología; Argentin

Evidence of the radioprotective effect of JNJ7777120 on rat hematopoietic tissue 3 days after irradiation.

<p>(A) H&E stained representative bone marrow sections of (a) untreated-5Gy and (b) JNJ7777120-5Gy rats. Pictures were taken at 630x-fold magnification. Scale bar= 20 µm. (B) Micronucleus frequency. ¶ The number of micronuclei (MN) was determined in 1,000 erythrocytes and is expressed as mean ± SEM. < The number of micronuclei (MN) was determined in 1,000 bone marrow cells and is expressed as mean ± SEM (*P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Untreated; #P<0.05, # # #P<0.001 vs. Untreated-5Gy). (C) H&E stained representative spleen sections of (a) untreated-5Gy and (b) JNJ7777120-5Gy rats. Pictures were taken at 630x-fold magnification. Scale bar= 20 µm. (D) § Spleen’s percentage of body weight (spleen weights were divided by total body weight in grams and multiplied by 100). Data represent the means ± SEM (*P<0.05 vs. Untreated).</p

Effect of JNJ7777120 on radiation-induced morphological, proliferative and apoptotic alterations in the rat SMG.

<p>(A) SMG histopathology. (a,e) Normal histological appearance of untreated and (b,f) JNJ7777120-treated SMG (c, g). SMG of irradiated rats displaying damage in the epithelial architecture of the granular convoluted ducts, mild edema (red arrow), partial loss of eosinophilic secretor granular material and vacuoles (arrow head). (d,h) SMG of JNJ7777120-treated and irradiated animals showing preserved structure organization of secretor granules, with normal appearance of granular convoluted ducts with eosinophilic secretion. (a–d) H&E staining. (e–h) PAS staining. (i) Occasional TUNEL-positive cells in glandular duct cells in untreated and (j) JNJ777120-treated rats. (k) Massive presence of TUNEL-positive cells in ductal and acinar cells of glands of irradiated rats. (l) Significant reduction of TUNEL-positive cells in glands of treated and irradiated rats. (m,n) Similar PCNA immunoreactivity in SMG from untreated and JNJ7777120-treated rats. (o) Almost total absence of PCNA immunoreactivity in irradiated gland. (p) Partial preservation of PCNA-positive cells in treated and irradiated glands. Arrows indicate positive cells. Pictures were taken at 630x-fold magnification. Scale bar= 20 µm. (B) Average number of apoptotic cells and PCNA-positive cells are shown. Error bars represent the means ± SEM. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. Untreated; ^# P<0.05, ^{# # #} P<0.001 vs. Untreated-5Gy.</p

Effect of JNJ7777120 on radiation-induced damage on salivary function.

<p>(A) Mean salivary secretion in irradiated and non-irradiated, untreated and JNJ7777120-treated rats. Error bars represent the means ± SEM (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001, vs. Untreated, ###P<0.001 vs. Untreated-5Gy). (B) ¶SMG’s percentage of body weight (SMG weights were divided by total body weight in grams and multiplied by 100). Data represent the means ± SEM (*P<0.05 vs. Untreated; #P<0.05 vs. Untreated-5Gy). Inset: JNJ7777120 compound significantly preserves SMG mass. (C) H₄R immunoreactivity. H₄R was detected in some (a) acini and also (b) excretory ducts. (D) AQP5 immunoreactivity. AQP5 was detected almost exclusively in acini in (a) untreated, (b) JNJ777120-treated and (d) treated and irradiated rats. (c) Reduce AQP5 immunoreactivity and altered distribution in SMG of irradiated rats. Pictures were taken at 630x-fold magnification. Scale bar= 20 µm.</p